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This article is primarily addressed to citizens of countries outside the EU, the EEA, and Switzerland—such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Israel, and others. A different residency registration procedure applies to EU citizens.
Permanent residence (PMZh) in Bulgaria is an indefinite national right to live in the country. It allows you to work without a separate permit, access certain social rights, and enter Bulgaria using a valid passport and residence card. However, permanent residence is not Bulgarian citizenship; it does not grant an "EU passport" or an automatic right to work in any other EU country.
The procedure begins not with a list of documents, but by identifying the specific legal basis under Article 25 of the Foreigners Act or by assessing the standard five-year pathway. The law provides for grounds based on family ties, ancestry, investment, and rare special circumstances. Each requires specific supporting evidence.
Holding temporary residence cards (VNZh) for five years does not automatically confer the right to permanent residence. Before applying, one must verify the legality of each period, check for any gaps, apply rules regarding the crediting of study time or other special regimes, and assess the duration of absences from Bulgaria and the continuity of the grounds for residence.
Permanent residence (PMZh), Long-term residence (DVZh), Temporary residence (VNZh), and citizenship: do not confuse the statuses
The Bulgarian Foreigners Act distinguishes between four residency regimes. Their current definitions are set out in Article 23 of the Foreigners Act.
| Status | Bulgarian term | Essence | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short stay | short-term stay | Trips under the 90/180 rule | Up to 90 days within a 180-day period |
| Temporary Residence Permit (VNZH) | extended stay | Time-limited residence based on a specific ground | Usually up to one year |
| Long-term Residence Permit (DVZh) | long-term stay | EU long-term resident status | Permanent status, 5-year card |
| Permanent Residence Permit (PMZh) | permanent stay | National indefinite residence | Indefinite status, card valid for up to 5 years |
| Citizenship | Bulgarian citizenship | Passport, political rights, and freedom of movement within the EU | Indefinite |
In Russian-speaking practice, produlzhitelno prebivavane is usually referred to as VNZH, dulgosrochno prebivavane as DVZh, and postoyanno prebivavane as PMZh. While these abbreviations are convenient, legal conditions should always be verified against the Bulgarian name of the status.
The first question when planning to obtain permanent residence (PMZh) in Bulgaria is not how many years a person held temporary residence cards (VNZH), but rather on what grounds those years were spent and how much time the person spent outside the country. Five calendar years do not automatically mean the entire period will count. First, you need to reconstruct your migration history, and then compare permanent residence (PMZh) and long-term residence (DVZh).
Who this procedure applies to
The main part of this article applies to citizens of countries outside the EU, the EEA, and Switzerland.
EU citizens and their family members enjoy freedom of movement and arrange their residency under separate legislation. Generally, an EU citizen acquires the right of permanent residence after five years of continuous legal residence. Earlier options exist for certain categories of workers.
Official references: Bulgarian law on the entry and residence of EU citizens and background information Your Europe.
What has changed in recent years
- Schengen. As of January 1, 2025, checks at internal land borders have also been abolished. Bulgaria is a full participant in the Schengen Area. A valid Bulgarian residence card, together with a passport, allows for short trips within the Schengen Area subject to the 90/180-day rule, but does not grant an automatic right to relocate and work in another EU country.
- New routes and controls. Amendments in 2025 introduced a residence permit for digital nomads, tightened requirements for trade representatives, enhanced verification of the legitimacy of employers, and updated procedures for family-based residency.
- Loss of status. For most holders of permanent and long-term residence status, spending twelve consecutive months outside the territory of all EU states constitutes grounds for the revocation of that status. A separate rule applies regarding a six-year absence from Bulgaria.
- Euro. As of January 1, 2026, Bulgaria uses the euro, and Ministry of Interior immigration fees are published in euros.
- Investments. Investment-based residence grounds remain in place and are monitored, but the fast-track citizenship-by-investment program was abolished back in 2022.
Sources: EU Council on Bulgaria's full accession to the Schengen Area and European Commission on Bulgaria's adoption of the euro.
What permanent residence offers—and what it does not
Key rights
A permanent residence holder may:
- reside in Bulgaria indefinitely, provided the status and valid documents are maintained;
- work in Bulgaria without a separate labor market access permit;
- study, conduct business, reunite with family, and exercise social rights in accordance with relevant laws;
- participate in the compulsory health insurance system—actual access to services depends on registration and the payment of contributions;
- enter Bulgaria without a visa, using a valid passport and residence card;
- make short trips within the Schengen Area under the 90/180 rule.
Limitations
It is important to note that Permanent Residence (PR):
- does not grant a Bulgarian passport or EU citizenship;
- does not provide an automatic right to live and work in Germany, France, or another EU country—the procedures of the host state must be followed;
- does not grant national voting rights or access to positions requiring citizenship;
- does not automatically confer tax residency status—tax status is assessed separately based on the duration of stay, permanent address, and center of vital interests.
Grounds for Permanent Residence
A complete list is provided in Article 25 of the Foreigners Act. For practical purposes, the grounds can be categorized into four groups.
1. The general five-year route
A foreigner may apply for PR if they have resided legally and continuously in Bulgaria for the past five years, provided their total time spent outside the country did not exceed 30 months. Time spent residing as a student, pupil, or trainee under Article 24c counts at half value.
This does not mean that any five-year history of residence cards automatically qualifies. One must verify the legality of each period, ensure there are no gaps, check the rules specific to the grounds for application, and confirm the validity of all supporting documents.
2. Family, children, and Bulgarian origin
This group includes:
- persons of Bulgarian origin. If one parent is a Bulgarian citizen, one should first check whether the applicant is already a citizen by birth or descent;
- minor, unmarried children of a Bulgarian citizen or a foreigner holding PR status;
- parents of a Bulgarian citizen who provide legally required support and have legally resided in the country continuously for three years;
- family members of a Bulgarian citizen after five years of legal continuous residence;
- the spouse of a foreign national with permanent residence status—subject to meeting the requirements regarding the duration of the marriage and five years of legal continuous residence. For certain investment-based statuses,
- special exceptions apply;
- certain former Bulgarian citizens and rare historical categories detailed in the law.
Marriage, the birth of a child, or family reunification often initially serve as grounds for temporary residence. Permanent residence status is granted only upon fulfillment of a specific provision under Article 25. Authorities have the right to verify the authenticity of the family relationship and cohabitation.
3. Investment-based grounds
The law provides for several complex investment models: investments in specific stocks and bonds, concessions, collective and alternative investment funds, priority projects, capital in Bulgarian companies, and new assets and jobs. Thresholds, asset forms, equity stakes, certification requirements, and retention periods vary.
For example, one specific residence permit pathway is linked to real estate valued at a minimum of 600,000 leva. Payment for the property must be made through a licensed Bulgarian credit institution, and the loan portion is subject to statutory limits. Permanent residence via this route becomes possible after maintaining the investment for five years. A standard apartment of lower value does not qualify an applicant under this category.
For certain direct investment categories, the investment must be maintained above the minimum threshold for five years after permanent residence has been granted. The assets cannot be used as loan collateral, and the source of funds is subject to verification.
Preliminary approval from the investment authority does not guarantee the issuance of a Type D visa or a favorable decision from the Ministry of Interior.
While an apartment or house serves as proof of accommodation in Bulgaria, a standard purchase transaction does not in itself create grounds for obtaining permanent residence status. Therefore, one must first identify the appropriate immigration pathway and review its requirements before selecting a property and planning the purchase.
4. Exceptional and special grounds
Specific provisions exist for individuals who have rendered exceptional service to Bulgaria or where there is a state interest; for abandoned minors under residential social or medical-social care; and for certain historical categories.
Calculating the five-year period
A common practical error is simply counting the dates of issuance for the first and fifth residence cards. The Ministry of Interior evaluates the legality and continuity of residence, periods of absence, and which types of stay count toward the calculation.
| Criterion | Permanent Residence (General Basis) | EU Long-Term Residence |
|---|---|---|
| Required duration | 5 years | 5 years |
| Absences | No more than 30 months in total | Each absence < 6 months; total absences ≤ 10 months |
| Studies under Article 24(c) | Counted at 50% | Counted at 50% |
| Seasonal and certain temporary arrangements | Assessed according to the applicable rule | Usually not included in the calculation |
| EU mobility | National status | May facilitate relocation to a second EU country, but a permit for that country is still required |
The "183 days in Bulgaria annually" rule is not the formula for general Permanent Residence. The law sets a cumulative limit on absences over the five-year period. However, the 183-day rule may be relevant for tax residency—this is a separate legal assessment.
Following Bulgaria's full accession to the Schengen Area, some trips are not stamped. Retain tickets, boarding passes, bookings, contracts, invoices, and other dated proofs. It is useful to maintain a table recording the departure date, entry date, country, and number of days.
Calculate every absence over the five-year period and separately note periods related to studies, seasonal work, and other special categories. Only then should you compare the requirements for Permanent Residence and EU Long-Term Residence. Estimating "by eye" is particularly unreliable following Bulgaria's entry into the Schengen Area.
Permanent Residence (PMZh) vs. Long-Term Residence (DVZh): which to choose?
Both statuses can be permanent, but their legal frameworks differ. PMZh is a national Bulgarian status. DVZh implements the EU long-term resident status under Directive 2003/109/EC.
| If it is important to you... | It is usually worth checking... |
|---|---|
| There have been many trips outside Bulgaria over the past five years | Standard PMZh: the 30-month limit may be more flexible, but all periods must be verified |
| You plan to move to another EU country in the future | EU DVZh: it can simplify the procedure but does not replace the need for authorization from the second country |
| There is a basis for residence via investment, family ties, or ancestry | PMZh under the special provision of Article 25 |
| Naturalization is planned | Both PMZh and DVZh can serve as a basis for citizenship, provided the specific citizenship requirements are met |
Limits on absence, the treatment of study periods, and future EU mobility differ. If you compare PMZh and DVZh only at the time of application, it is no longer possible to rectify a years-long history of travel or unsuitable periods of stay.
Step-by-step procedure for obtaining PMZh
- Determine the exact basis for the application. Identify the basis by citing the specific article and clause of the law. General descriptions like "marriage," "business," or "real estate" are insufficient.
- Verify the initial pathway. In many cases, a Type D visa is required,followed—after entry—by obtaining a residence permit in Bulgaria based on a specific ground. There are legal exceptions, so do not apply for a visa automatically without verification.
- Retain records of the basis and all supporting documents. Renew your residence cards on time to avoid gaps; keep copies of Ministry of Interior decisions, insurance policies, contracts, and proofs of funds and travel.
- Conduct a review of the five-year period. Cross-check dates, departures, study periods, changes in grounds for residence, passport details, and addresses.
- Prepare both the general and specific document packages. Translate and legalize foreign documents in accordance with the regulations of the issuing country.
- Submit the application in person. Applications are submitted to the Migration Directorate or the relevant unit of the regional Ministry of Interior directorate serving your place of residence.
- Respond to inquiries from the Ministry of Interior. Adhere to specified deadlines if additional documents are requested. Failure to submit documents may result in the termination of proceedings.
- Pay the main fee and process the residence card. A favorable decision does not replace the physical card itself. Once status is granted, registration procedures are carried out, a Uniform Civil Number (EGN) is assigned, and the card is issued.
When to submit the application and processing times
As a general rule, an application for permanent or long-term residence must be submitted in person no later than two months before the current permit or "D" visa (if the application is based on it) expires.
A decision is reached within two months. In cases of legal or factual complexity, the review period may be extended by up to another two months.
If the Ministry of the Interior requests additional documents, they generally must be submitted within one month. Failure to meet this deadline may result in the termination of proceedings without further consideration of the application. Therefore, it is advisable to prepare the document package several months in advance rather than waiting until the final days of the card's validity.
Documents for permanent residence
Standard document package
Typically, the applicant will need:
- a standard application form and proof of payment of the service fee;
- a valid passport and copies of pages showing personal details, the "D" visa (if required), and the most recent entry stamp. The original must be presented for verification;
- proof of secured housing: a property ownership document, a valid lease agreement, or another acceptable document;
- proof of stable, regular, predictable, and sufficient financial means without recourse to social assistance. Legal benchmarks are tied to the minimum wage or minimum pension;
- a criminal record certificate from the country of citizenship or habitual residence—when required for an initial application;
- documents confirming the specific grounds for the application.
By the time you reach the five-year mark, you should not have to reconstruct your residence history from scratch. It is better to keep Ministry of the Interior decisions, old residence cards, contracts, insurance policies, and proof of income and travel for every period. The general list of documents serves only as a framework; the final package always depends on the specific grounds for the application.
Additional documents based on grounds
- Based on ancestry/origin — civil status records and proof of lineage. Certain documents may be subject to authenticity verification.
- Based on family ties — marriage and birth certificates; proof of financial support, cohabitation, and the inviter's status; and sometimes additional supporting evidence.
- Based on the five-year residency path — a complete history of legal residence and details regarding periods of absence.
- Based on investment — certificates from competent authorities, banking and corporate documents, and proof of the origin and retention of funds, assets, and jobs.
Foreign documents must be translated into Bulgarian and legalized. Legalization may take the form of an apostille, consular legalization, or an exemption based on an international treaty. The applicable rule depends on the country of issuance and the type of document.
Government fees for 2026
The amounts below have been verified against Ministry of Interior Tariff No. 4 and official Ministry of Interior webpages. Visa D, translation, apostille, notary services, insurance, and document collection are paid for separately.
| Service | Fee |
|---|---|
| Application for Permanent Residence (PR) | €5.11 |
| Granting of Permanent Residence — standard rate | €511.29 |
| Family member of a Bulgarian citizen (under the relevant five-year eligibility basis) | €76.69 |
| Person of Bulgarian origin | €25.56 |
| Granting of EU Long-Term Residence (LTR) | €56.24 |
| PR/LTR card — standard processing | €20.45 |
| PR/LTR card — expedited processing | €40.90 |
The main fee is payable within the prescribed timeframe following a positive decision. Concessions and special rates apply to certain categories. Before submitting your application, verify the amount with your local Ministry of Interior unit and check the current version of the tariff.
PR card, EGN (Personal ID Number), and address
Permanent residence status is granted for an indefinite period. The plastic card is a document with a limited validity period: it is issued based on the validity of the national passport and for a maximum of five years.
Replacing the card does not constitute a re-issuance of permanent residence status; however, a valid passport and card are required to verify status and for travel purposes.
Upon the granting of permanent or long-term residence, a registration record is created, a Uniform Civil Number (EGN) is assigned, and address details are processed in accordance with civil registration regulations. The specific procedural sequence may vary by municipality and administrative unit; therefore, applicants receive individualized instructions.
Do not confuse the validity period of the status itself with the validity period of the plastic card. An expired card does not automatically result in the loss of permanent residence status, but it does create significant practical difficulties. Passports and cards should be renewed well in advance.
Employment, healthcare, taxes, and family
Employment and business
Holders of permanent or long-term residence status may work in Bulgaria without a separate labor market access permit. They may work as employees, engage in entrepreneurial activities, or participate in a company, provided they comply with general industry, tax, and licensing requirements. This right applies to Bulgaria and does not automatically extend to the entire EU.
Health insurance
Foreign nationals with permanent or long-term residence status are included in the mandatory Bulgarian health insurance system.
However, "mandatory insurance" does not automatically imply free healthcare. One must determine the basis for insurance coverage, register, pay contributions, and, if necessary, select a primary care physician.
Tax residency
Immigration status and tax residency are separate matters. Permanent residence status does not automatically make an individual a tax resident.
Tax authorities assess factors such as the duration of stay, permanent address, and the center of vital interests. International agreements may alter the outcome.
Family
A permanent resident may initiate family reunification, but the spouse and children do not automatically receive the same status. Typically, they first obtain an appropriate family-based permit and subsequently transition to independent permanent or long-term residence status once the relevant conditions are met.
Maintaining permanent residence and grounds for revocation
Indefinite status does not mean it cannot be lost. Article 40 of the Foreigners Act stipulates several distinct grounds for revocation:
- the underlying basis for the status has ceased to exist, or conditions regarding investments, thresholds, or the retention period for assets or jobs have been violated;
- false information, forged documents, a sham marriage, or other forms of abuse were used during the application process;
- in the case of a spouse of a permanent resident (under Article 25(1)(2)), the marriage was terminated before the statutory seven-year period had elapsed;
- the individual failed to take up residence in Bulgaria within one year of being granted the status, unless an exception applies;
- the individual was absent from the territory of all EU states for twelve consecutive months;
- the individual was absent from Bulgaria for six years;
- separate limits apply to special family-based statuses, including a period of two consecutive years outside Bulgaria;
- A person has acquired Long-Term Resident (LTR) status in another EU state—relevant to the specific status category;
- Acquiring Bulgarian citizenship automatically terminates Permanent Residence (PR). If citizenship is subsequently lost, PR is not automatically restored.
Therefore, the advice that "entering Bulgaria once a year is sufficient" is outdated and risky. Before a prolonged absence, check the specific clause of Article 40 applicable to you, including statutory exceptions.
Common pathways to PR status and special situations
Pensioner
Pension entitlement and sufficient funds can serve as grounds for Temporary Residence (TR). Pensioner status alone does not grant immediate PR.
After five years, a pensioner may apply for standard PR or LTR status, provided the conditions of the respective pathway are met.
Employment, Blue Card, business, and trade representative office
These grounds lead to TR or a single permit, not automatic PR. It is crucial to maintain actual employment or business activity continuously and to change the basis of residence in a timely manner.
Following the 2025 amendments, a trade representative office must demonstrate the foreign company's turnover and tax compliance, as well as the office's actual operations and representative activities. The number of representatives is limited.
Digital nomad
The digital nomad pathway was introduced in 2025. The permit is issued for one year and may be extended once for another year, provided the conditions—including high verified income—continue to be met.
The two-year period does not, in itself, lead to PR. For a long-term plan, you will need to switch to a different basis of residence in time and verify which periods count toward the requirement.
Studies
Periods of study under Article 24v generally count as half-time when calculating the five-year requirement for Permanent Residence (PR) and Long-Term Residence (LTR). Therefore, five calendar years of student status do not equate to five years of credited time.
International and temporary protection
Special rules apply to recognized refugees and persons with humanitarian status. For LTR status, a portion of the time spent processing an international protection application may be counted using a specific formula.
Temporary protection is a distinct temporary status. It should not be characterized as an automatic residence permit or a guaranteed five-year qualifying period. Eligibility for credit must be confirmed on an individual basis with the Ministry of the Interior.
Once an immigration basis has been selected, the next practical question arises: which region is best suited for permanent residence? You can compare the main options in the overview on the best places to live in Bulgaria.
Citizens of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
There are no specific grounds for PR based solely on citizenship of Russia, Ukraine, or Belarus; the general rules for third-country nationals apply.
Sanctions and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) checks during investment or banking transactions may complicate the transfer and verification of the source of funds, but they do not create a general ban on obtaining PR through family ties or the five-year residency route.
Consular application locations and service availability should be checked on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' official website immediately before booking an appointment.
PR application refusal and appeals
A refusal is possible if the applicant:
- does not meet the criteria for the chosen basis;
- fails to provide proof of accommodation, financial means, or insurance;
- submitted false information;
- is using a sham marriage, a fictitious employer, or a sham investment;
- violated the purpose of their stay;
- poses a risk to national security or public order as defined by law.
The decision must be in writing and state the grounds. It may be challenged under the Administrative Procedure Code. The standard time limit for a court appeal is usually 14 days from the date the decision is served. The specific deadline and the competent court must be verified in the decision itself.
Upon receiving a refusal, one should not wait for the current residence card to expire. It is necessary to simultaneously assess the possibility of an appeal and the existence of legal grounds for continued stay.
Permanent Residence and Bulgarian Citizenship
Permanent residence does not automatically grant the right to a passport. The conditions, timeframes, and potential grounds are detailed in the article on obtaining Bulgarian citizenship.
Under the general naturalization criteria, an adult applicant must:
- hold permanent or long-term residence status for at least five years prior to application;
- have no disqualifying criminal record or pending criminal proceedings;
- possess a source of income or employment;
- have proficiency in the Bulgarian language;
- resolve the issue of prior citizenship, where required.
Special rules apply to spouses of Bulgarian citizens, individuals born in Bulgaria who obtained permanent or long-term residence before reaching the age of majority, and persons of Bulgarian origin.
Expedited citizenship-by-investment provisions were abolished in 2022.
Five years of permanent residence provide the opportunity to apply for citizenship but do not confer an automatic right to a passport. Prior to naturalization, language proficiency, income, criminal record, family circumstances, and the status of prior citizenship are re-evaluated. The duration of permanent residence is merely one element of a distinct procedure.
Q&A
Is permanent residence issued indefinitely?
The right is granted for an indefinite period but may be revoked on statutory grounds. The plastic residence card is issued for a maximum of five years and must be renewed.
Can permanent residence be obtained automatically after five years of temporary residence?
No. One must submit an application and prove legal and continuous residence, compliance with travel restrictions, and fulfillment of the specific grounds for the status.
Is it necessary to live in Bulgaria for 183 days each year?
For standard permanent residence, the law sets a cumulative limit on absence: no more than 30 months over a five-year period. The 183-day tax rule is a separate matter.
How long can one be absent for long-term residence status?
Generally, any single absence must be less than six consecutive months, and the total duration of absences must not exceed ten months over a five-year period.
Does time spent studying count?
Periods covered under Article 24(v) usually count at half value.
Does buying an apartment grant Permanent Residence (PR)?
A standard purchase does not. A specific residence permit pathway exists for real estate valued at 600,000 leva or more, subject to special conditions. Permanent residence is possible only after maintaining the investment for five years.
Can housing requirements be met through a rental agreement?
Yes. A valid, active rental agreement can serve as proof of secured housing, provided it meets the requirements of the relevant Ministry of Interior department.
Does a pensioner receive Permanent Residence immediately?
No. Retirement is a common basis for a standard residence permit. Transitioning to Permanent Residence (PR) or Long-Term Residence (LTR) usually occurs after the required residency period and verification of other conditions.
Does marriage to a Bulgarian citizen grant Permanent Residence immediately?
No. Family ties establish a pathway for residency, but Permanent Residence requires a specific legal basis and the completion of a set residency period.
Does a child born in Bulgaria automatically become a citizen?
The mere fact of birth in Bulgaria is not always sufficient. Citizenship is determined by specific legislation, taking into account factors such as the parents' citizenship and the risk of statelessness.
Is a Type D visa required?
For many initial pathways—yes, though the law provides for exceptions. You should verify the specific grounds for application beforehand.
Can Permanent Residence be arranged from abroad?
An application for Permanent Residence (PR) must be submitted in person in Bulgaria to the competent Migration Department unit. The consulate handles Type D visas, not the granting of PR status.
Is it possible to work in Bulgaria without a separate work permit?
Holders of Permanent Residence (PR) and EU Long-Term Residence (LTR) status have access to the Bulgarian labor market without a separate permit.
Is it possible to work in another EU country?
Not automatically. Bulgarian PR status does not replace the host country's work permit. EU LTR status may simplify the procedure, but it still requires formal processing.
Is it possible to travel within the Schengen Area?
Yes, with a valid passport and residence card—for short trips, typically up to 90 days within any 180-day period.
Does a PR holder automatically become a tax resident?
Not necessarily. Tax residency status is determined separately based on actual circumstances and international agreements.
Does the family automatically receive the same status?
No. Family members must establish their own grounds for residence and undergo their own application process.
What happens in the event of divorce or termination of employment?
It is necessary to verify whether the basis for the current status remains valid and whether a specific, independent rule applies. In certain cases, the basis may cease to exist, or a transition to a different type of residence status may be required.
Can permanent residence status be lost due to a prolonged absence?
Yes. Grounds include spending twelve consecutive months outside the territory of all EU states and an absence of six years from Bulgaria, subject to specific rules and exceptions.
Can a refusal be appealed?
Yes. The decision may be appealed through administrative channels. The standard time limit for a court appeal is usually 14 days from the date of notification.
When can one apply for citizenship?
As a general rule, this is possible after at least five years have elapsed since the date permanent residence (PR) or long-term residence (LTR) was granted, provided other naturalization conditions are met.
Does the period of temporary protection count?
It cannot be automatically assumed that this period counts; it is a separate legal regime. The possibility of including such a period must be verified on an individual basis with the Ministry of Interior in accordance with the applicable regulations.
Official sources
- Foreigners in the Republic of Bulgaria Act
- Regulations on the Application of the Foreigners Act
- Ministry of Interior of Bulgaria: administrative services regarding residence
- Ministry of Interior Tariff No. 4
- Bulgarian Personal Documents Act
- Labour Migration and Labour Mobility Act
- Health Insurance Act
- Bulgarian Citizenship Act
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria: visa and Schengen regime
- European Commission: EU long-term residents
- National Revenue Agency: tax residence
